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突破機(jī)收環(huán)節(jié)瓶頸：我國(guó)中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化前景廣，挑戰(zhàn)大

2022-03-28 14:30:08 來(lái)源：農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)整理發(fā)布 閱讀量：28207 評(píng)論

　　【農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng) 市場(chǎng)行情】據(jù)悉，為深入貫徹落實(shí)《中共中央 國(guó)務(wù)院關(guān)于促進(jìn)中醫(yī)藥傳承創(chuàng)新發(fā)展的意見》，推動(dòng)全國(guó)林草中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)高質(zhì)量發(fā)展，國(guó)家林草局日前編制了《林草中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展指南》。中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械流通協(xié)會(huì)會(huì)長(zhǎng)范建華表示，中醫(yī)藥是國(guó)粹，中約材是具有戰(zhàn)略性的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，隨著人口老齡化問(wèn)題突出、全民健康意識(shí)上升，中醫(yī)藥需求隨之增大,中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)、中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化前景廣闊，大有可為。
 
　　《“十四五”全國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化發(fā)展規(guī)劃》提出，大力發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)作物生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化，突破特色經(jīng)濟(jì)作物生產(chǎn)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)機(jī)械化，因地制宜推進(jìn)中藥材、熱帶作物等區(qū)域特色特產(chǎn)作物生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化，著力突破機(jī)收環(huán)節(jié)瓶頸。
 
　　中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化比人畜力生產(chǎn)具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。一是采用機(jī)械化深松改良土壤，使中藥材主根莖長(zhǎng)、分叉少、藥材品質(zhì)大大提高。二是采用中耕機(jī)除草、施肥、培土作業(yè)，使中藥材田間管理成本和人工費(fèi)大大減少。三是使用中藥材挖掘機(jī)收獲，可降低中藥材收獲成本每畝400元左右，提高工效30倍。四是對(duì)引進(jìn)的生姜機(jī)械化清洗技術(shù)做了改進(jìn)，用與中藥材清洗，使藥材清洗提高40%，成本大大降低。五是機(jī)械深松、機(jī)械施肥提高中藥材單位面積產(chǎn)量。此外，在中藥材生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，如果育苗、移栽、灌溉、噴藥、剎秧、裝卸運(yùn)輸?shù)茸鳂I(yè)全部采用機(jī)械化，可降低生產(chǎn)成本30%~40%，同時(shí)可增加產(chǎn)量15%以上。
 
　　中藥材種植業(yè)在我國(guó)許多地方已成為經(jīng)濟(jì)支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)。然而這一傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的作業(yè)手段長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)整體改觀不大，在中藥材播種、移植和采收等環(huán)節(jié)，費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)工的人工勞作仍是主要的生產(chǎn)手段。如果不能盡快發(fā)展“機(jī)械化”，將導(dǎo)致中藥源頭成本特別是人工費(fèi)用不斷升高，藥材價(jià)格將居高不下，成為影響中藥產(chǎn)業(yè)長(zhǎng)期健康穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的不利因素。
 
　　雖然目前我國(guó)中藥材機(jī)械裝備不足、機(jī)械化水平差距較大，但在產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展和政策利好的條件下，由于存在迫切的產(chǎn)業(yè)需求，中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化具有巨大的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。對(duì)于中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化寫入全國(guó)農(nóng)機(jī)發(fā)展規(guī)劃及其發(fā)展前景。專家表示,挑戰(zhàn)與機(jī)遇并存。
 
　　一方面，中藥材屬于小眾產(chǎn)業(yè),品種多、規(guī)模小、品種間差異大、用藥部位各不相同，這導(dǎo)致生產(chǎn)各種中藥材的機(jī)械無(wú)法大規(guī)模量產(chǎn)，以一品一機(jī)及小批量為主要特征,社會(huì)投入動(dòng)力不足；另一方面，與大農(nóng)業(yè)相比，獲得來(lái)自國(guó)家的大幅度經(jīng)費(fèi)支持比較難，因此，需要?jiǎng)訂T各方力量,探索建立多元化的投入機(jī)制。
 
　　據(jù)了解，中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械裝備有通用和專用之分，如：耕整地機(jī)械、植保機(jī)械、給排水機(jī)械等屬于通用機(jī)械，而與藥材種植特殊性相關(guān)的機(jī)械設(shè)備則大部分為專用機(jī)械。對(duì)通用機(jī)械設(shè)備可以借助大農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的機(jī)械化技術(shù)，而專用機(jī)械裝備則需要引進(jìn)創(chuàng)新或獨(dú)立創(chuàng)新,進(jìn)而通過(guò)集成創(chuàng)新實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)水平的提升。
 
　　例如：甘肅省定西市絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)基本保持了綠色無(wú)公害的環(huán)境，是優(yōu)質(zhì)中藥材生產(chǎn)發(fā)展基地的優(yōu)質(zhì)區(qū)之一。為推進(jìn)定西中藥材機(jī)械化，提高中藥材產(chǎn)業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，定西市農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化技術(shù)推廣站提出幾點(diǎn)發(fā)展建議：制定發(fā)展政策，加大對(duì)發(fā)展中藥材機(jī)械化的投入；層層建立試驗(yàn)、示范基地；市、縣、鄉(xiāng)三級(jí)都建立中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)試驗(yàn)、示范基地，加強(qiáng)農(nóng)機(jī)化技術(shù)服務(wù)體系建設(shè)；各級(jí)政府應(yīng)考慮投入購(gòu)買中藥材生產(chǎn)各環(huán)節(jié)的機(jī)械，完善農(nóng)機(jī)推廣機(jī)構(gòu)服務(wù)功能。要從機(jī)制上培育和完善各種經(jīng)營(yíng)形式的農(nóng)機(jī)服務(wù)組織，重點(diǎn)鼓勵(lì)和引導(dǎo)農(nóng)機(jī)經(jīng)營(yíng)者建立各種中藥材服務(wù)組織和服務(wù)隊(duì)，為農(nóng)戶提供服務(wù)；加強(qiáng)藥農(nóng)培訓(xùn)，一方面要使農(nóng)機(jī)手熟練掌握操作使用、維修技能；另一方面要培訓(xùn)一批農(nóng)藝、農(nóng)機(jī)技術(shù)骨干力量，從而推進(jìn)中藥材生產(chǎn)機(jī)械化技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展。
 
　　注：本文由農(nóng)機(jī)網(wǎng)(www.hebeigongyou.com)整理發(fā)布，資料來(lái)源：中國(guó)中醫(yī)藥報(bào)、國(guó)家林草局、藥農(nóng)網(wǎng)。
 

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